Every year, as the auspicious Chaturthi tithi of the Shukla Paksha in the month of Kartik approaches, an overwhelming sense of devotion fills the air. This marks the beginning of Chhath Puja, a festival that holds deep spiritual significance and is intricately woven into the fabric of Sanatan Dharma. While it is most fervently celebrated in the heart of Bihar, its reverence transcends regional boundaries, with millions across India and even abroad coming together to honor the Sun God.
Chhath Puja is unlike any other festival; it is a unique expression of devotion, where the Sun — the giver of life and energy — is worshipped in both its rising and setting forms. The fervor and discipline shown by the devotees, particularly women, during this festival is awe-inspiring. Observing a Nirjala fast, they refrain from drinking water for over 24 hours, praying with sincerity and devotion for the health, happiness, and longevity of their families, especially their children.
The festival is marked by its simplicity and depth. The rituals may be challenging, but they are performed with unwavering faith, making Chhath Puja a powerful testament to the strength of human devotion and resilience. It is a celebration of life, nature, and the eternal bond between humanity and the divine forces that govern the universe.
As we approach the revered days of Chhath Puja, join us on a journey through the festival’s rich history, profound rituals, and vibrant celebrations. Whether you are a devoted participant or a curious observer, this guide will illuminate the essence of Chhath Puja, offering a deeper understanding of its significance, traditions, and the unwavering spirit of those who celebrate it.
What is Chhath Puja?
Chhath Puja is one of the most significant and ancient festivals in India, primarily celebrated in the states of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, and parts of Nepal. This festival is dedicated to the worship of Lord Surya (the Sun God) and his consort Chhathi Maiya (Goddess of Earth). The word "Chhath" literally means the number six in Hindi, and the festival is observed on the sixth day of the month of Kartik in the Hindu lunar calendar, making it a unique and highly revered occasion.
Chhath Puja is not just a religious festival; it is a deep spiritual practice, reflecting the strong connection between humans and the natural forces that govern the world. It is a time when people come together to express gratitude to the Sun God, seeking blessings for health, prosperity, and the well-being of their families, particularly for the long life and success of their children. The festival is celebrated with immense dedication and devotion, and it holds a place of high esteem in the cultural traditions of Bihar, where it is observed with unmatched zeal.
The central theme of Chhath Puja is to honor and express gratitude towards Surya, the giver of life, energy, and good health. The Sun, in Hindu mythology, is considered to be a deity who not only provides the Earth with light and warmth but also plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of life. Unlike other festivals that focus on the worship of gods and goddesses, Chhath Puja is unique because it focuses on the worship of the Sun, one of the most vital and powerful forces in the universe.
The festival is traditionally observed by women, though in recent times, men too have participated in the rituals. It is a time for self-purification, gratitude, and prayer. The rigorous fasting and rituals during the days of Chhath are symbolic of the deep reverence devotees have for the natural world, as well as their strong belief in the power of the Sun God.
The History
and Mythology Behind Chhath Puja
The origins of Chhath Puja can be traced back
to ancient times. Several mythological tales are associated with this festival:
- Mahabharata
Connection: According to the Mahabharata, Draupadi
and the Pandavas observed Chhath Puja on the advice of sage Dhaumya. Their
prayers to Surya helped them regain their lost kingdom and resolve their
struggles.
- Lord
Rama and Sita: It is believed that Lord Rama and Mata
Sita performed Chhath Puja after their return to Ayodhya following their
14-year exile. Their offerings to Surya marked the beginning of this
tradition.
- The Tale of Chhathi Maiya: Chhathi Maiya, often associated with Goddess Shashti, is believed to bless devotees with children and prosperity. Her blessings are sought during this festival to protect families and ensure their well-being.
Chhath Puja spans four days, each day
carrying deep spiritual significance.
Day 1: Nahay Khay (Cleansing and Purity)
The festival begins with Nahay Khay, a
day of self-purification. Devotees take a holy dip in rivers or ponds to
cleanse themselves spiritually and physically. They then prepare a simple
vegetarian meal, typically consisting of rice, dal, and seasonal vegetables,
which is consumed as the only meal of the day. This ritual signifies the
devotee’s intention to maintain purity throughout the festival.
On the second day, devotees observe a fast that is broken only after sunset. The evening meal, called Kharna, includes kheer (a sweet rice pudding made with milk and jaggery), roti, and fruits. After this, devotees begin their Nirjala fast, refraining from food and water for over 24 hours.
The third day is the most vibrant. Devotees, dressed in traditional attire, gather at riverbanks or ponds to offer prayers to the setting Sun. They prepare offerings, including thekua (a traditional wheat flour and jaggery sweet), fruits, sugarcane, and coconuts, which are presented to Surya Dev. The atmosphere at the ghats is electric, filled with the sounds of devotional songs and chants.
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On the final day, devotees return to the riverbank before dawn to offer prayers to the rising Sun. This ritual marks the culmination of Chhath Puja, symbolizing renewal, hope, and divine blessings. After the Usha Arghya, devotees break their fast and share prasad with family and neighbors, spreading joy and gratitude.
Chhath Puja goes beyond religious observance;
it is a celebration of faith, discipline, and community spirit.
The Sun, a symbol of life and energy, is worshiped for sustaining existence.
The festival is a time for reflection, gratitude, and self-purification,
allowing devotees to strengthen their connection with nature.
Chhath also highlights the role of women as spiritual anchors of the family. Their dedication to the rituals underscores the values of sacrifice and resilience. Beyond individual devotion, Chhath Puja brings communities together, fostering a spirit of unity and collective celebration.
Chhath Puja
Beyond Bihar
Though Chhath Puja originated in Bihar, it is now celebrated across India and globally. Indian diaspora communities in countries like the United States, the United Kingdom, and Mauritius have embraced the festival, organizing large-scale celebrations that mirror the traditions back home. Urban areas like Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata also see grand observances, with artificial ponds and riverside setups for devotees.
Conclusion:
A Celebration of Devotion and Gratitude
Chhath Puja is more than a festival; it is a
spiritual journey of devotion, endurance, and gratitude. From the rigorous
fasting to the heartfelt prayers at sunrise and sunset, every aspect of Chhath
reflects a profound connection with nature and the divine. It is a reminder of
the enduring human spirit, the power of community, and the importance of
honoring the forces that sustain life.
Whether you are a devoted participant or an intrigued onlooker, Chhath Puja’s essence lies in its simplicity, purity, and unwavering faith. It is not just a festival of Bihar but a celebration of life itself.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about Chhath Puja
1. What is the significance of Chhath Puja?
Chhath Puja is a deeply spiritual Hindu festival dedicated to Surya, the Sun God, and his consort, Chhathi Maiya. It is a time for devotees to offer their gratitude to the Sun for providing life, energy, and sustenance to all living beings. The festival also serves as a prayer for prosperity, health, and the well-being of families, particularly children.
2. What are the main rituals of Chhath Puja?
Chhath Puja spans four days and
involves several important rituals:
- Fasting and self-purification.
- Holy
dips in rivers or ponds.
- Offering
‘Arghya’ (water offerings) to both the rising and setting Sun.
- Preparing
traditional prasad like Thekua, Rasia Kheer,
and other delicacies.
3. How is Chhath Puja Prasad made?
The prasad for Chhath Puja includes items made
from jaggery, ghee, and wheat flour. Popular offerings
include Thekua (a sweet made with wheat flour and jaggery), Rasia
Kheer (a special rice pudding), rice laddoos, and fruits. These
items are prepared with love and devotion as offerings to Surya Dev and Chhathi
Maiya.
4. Where is Chhath Puja predominantly
celebrated?
Chhath Puja is most commonly celebrated in the
states of Bihar, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh. It is also
widely observed in the Terai region of Nepal. In recent years, due to
migration, the festival has gained popularity in urban centers and among the
Indian diaspora in countries like the United States, the United Kingdom, and
Mauritius.
5. Why is the Sun God central to Chhath Puja?
The Sun is considered the source of all life and energy on Earth. In Chhath Puja, the Sun God is worshipped for his vital role in sustaining life, ensuring health, and providing prosperity. The rituals honor Surya’s strength and seek his blessings for a fruitful and harmonious life for the devotees and their families.
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